Khalid Shah, Dr. Ibzahir Khan. This article investigates the notion of ta’z┘r (discretionary punishments in Islamic law) by comparing and contrasting it with the concept of hadd (fixed punishments in Islamic law). Deterrence of crimes is the main objective: میڈیکل ٹیسٹ سے گواہی کی شرعی حیثیت: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ. Burjis [Internet]. 2019 Jun. 30 [cited 2026 Aug. 1];6(1). Available from: https://burjis.com/index.php/burjis/article/view/162