Towards understanding Moon Sighting Techniques for a United Spiritual Activity in Islam

Abstract

This article investigates the diverse moon sighting techniques in Islam with the aim of fostering unified spiritual observance, particularly in Nigeria. The study begins by exploring the theological and historical significance of moon sighting in Islam, rooted in prophetic traditions that mandate visual observation for marking key lunar months like Ramadan and Dhul-Hijjah. Despite these traditions, the advent of scientific and astronomical methods has created a dichotomy between traditionalist and modernist approaches, with each advocating different methods for moon determination. The main problem examined is the recurring disunity and confusion in Muslim communities, especially in Nigeria, where conflicting moon sighting announcements disrupt collective religious observance. The objectives include evaluating the jurisprudential foundations, technological advancements, and regional practices related to moon sighting, and recommending a harmonized approach. Methodologically, the study utilizes historical analysis, fiqh interpretations, and case studies, particularly Nigeria’s institutional framework under the Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs (NSCIA), to assess both traditional and modern moon sighting systems. The research draws on both classical Islamic texts and contemporary astronomical literature. Findings reveal persistent challenges: unreliable testimonies, environmental barriers, lack of observer training, and institutional fragmentation. Despite technological advances like telescopes, satellite imaging, and AI tools that enhance accuracy, theological resistance and lack of coordination continue to hinder unity. The study concludes that while tradition should be respected, it must be integrated with modern scientific insights to maintain both authenticity and consistency. It recommends a hybrid framework that combines verified astronomical data with visual sighting where feasible. Key recommendations include establishing regional coordination bodies, promoting public education, adopting scientifically validated visibility criteria, and preserving communal moon sighting as a spiritual tradition. By balancing tradition with technological reliability, this paper advocates for a practical path toward national and global unity in Islamic calendar observance.